Design and operation of CNC machines. (1982)

Antique grandfather clock, the principle of operation.

The concept of an automaton.

Automatic watch assembly line.

Production lines for the assembly of kinescopes, radios and cars.

A cartoon that revived an old woodcut by a carpenter.

The operation of the lathe.

Complex automated production.

The main disadvantage of such production is the lack of flexibility.

A cartoon telling about the disadvantages of such production.

Single, small-scale production.

Such production is equipped with machines with a wide range of technological capabilities.

The productivity of such machines is limited by human capabilities.

The possibility of combining the flexibility of universal machines with the performance of an automatic machine is a solution to this problem.

All known automatic machines have programs embodied in cams or copiers, physical analogues of the future part.

Such machines are quite effective in production when the series of parts are large enough.

Processing of the part according to the copier.

Making a copier is a time-consuming task.

A cartoon showing the possibility of converting a mechanical model of a part into a mathematical one.

The worker's actions are similar to the principles of a mathematical model.

By converting the drawing information into a sequence of elementary control actions on the machine's executive organs, a person processes the part.

A cartoon explaining the possibility of transferring an employee's actions into a mathematical model of work.

The principle of operation of jukeboxes.

Programming.

Transferring the program to punched tape.

A cartoon explaining the transfer of information from the punched tape to one of the control system units.

The numerical form of the program construction determined the name of the machines with such control - CNC machines.

The program of such a machine does not contain exhaustive information about working movements, but only the most important information from them.

The program calculates all other movements independently, as needed, during the processing process.

This is a property of cybernetic systems.

The transition to processing another part is carried out by replacing the program.

A cartoon telling about three types of CNC programs.

The cartoon is accompanied by shots of the work of machines in each direction.

The work of the processing center.

Each machine performs milling, drilling, boring, threading, milling of holes of different diameters from one installation of a complex body part.

Demonstration of operations.

Instrument readings.

Automatic tool change.

The concentration of operations, automatic change of workpieces and tools, short changeover cycles can dramatically increase machine time.

The amount of machine time at different machines.

The CNC frees a person from the operational control of the machine.

The main thing is the development of control programs.

The basis of any program is a part drawing.

The information of the drawings is presented in two codes.

An alphanumeric code for specifying dimensions and technological instructions, and an analog code for depicting geometric shapes.

The visibility of the drawing facilitates the choice of the machine and the type of CNC system.

Development of part processing programming on a lathe.

A cartoon explaining the principles of programming part processing.

In addition to the reference points, the program must specify technological auxiliary commands for the corresponding machine mechanisms.

Each mechanism must have a permanent address encoded by a letter.

Also, all functional actions are encoded with a letter with a number, for example, the speed of the transverse feed, the amount of movement, the choice of tool, the supply of coolant.

A standard international code is made up of such alphanumeric characters.

Sample codes.

The work of programmers.

Sample program development.

An important part of the programmer's job is to set trajectory movements.

The path of the tool between the reference points will be calculated by the electronic computer CNC interpolator, which stores all the necessary equations in memory.

The choice of the equation is indicated by the programmer.

For example, the code G01 sets the movement in a straight line, but if necessary, a curved contour can be made from straight segments.

It is more convenient to create a curved contour using circular interpolation using the G02 code, which will dramatically reduce the volume of the program.

So sequentially, frame by frame, the programmer connects the sections of the contour into a single whole.

Encoding of the program on punched tape.

An example of such encoding.

The correctness of the calculations can be checked on the graph builder.

There is an imitation of processing on the machine, the pen of the graph viewer plays the role of a tool.

The procedure for preparing programs can be shortened by using an automated computer programming system.

At the same time, a person makes a brief initial task.

All reference information is stored in the computer's memory, including a sufficient stock of ready-made program fragments, each for a typical technological cycle.

The operator programs on punched cards.

Drives on magnetic tapes of the VC.

A magnetic disk drive.

Printout of the program.

A new program on punched tape.

The initial tasks are transmitted to the VC from the display stations of the factory workshops.

It is more efficient to program the CNC with a minicomputer.

Working in the interactive mode, the programmer can edit control programs.

The program on the display screen.

The latest micro-computer-based control systems allow you to do without software media.

In this case, the operator enters the source data directly into the computer memory built into the machine.

After processing the first part, adjustments are made, if necessary.

The programmer works with a computer installed in the machine in an interactive mode.

The initial task is set together with the computer program.

The program performs further calculations independently.

The main direction of the development of CNC machines is the liberation of a person from all non-creative tasks.

The designer formulates only the basic requirements for the part.

The computer offers drawing options and the necessary characteristics.

A person chooses and the computer issues a program for CNC machines.

A program has been compiled.

A series of operations preceding the operation of the machine.

The machine is working.

A cartoon explaining the connection of the program with the operation of the machine.

Electronic filling of the machine.

Cartoon explaining the process of programming operations in the CNC.

The output is a series of pulses that control the movement of the working bodies of the machine.

The concept of an open system.

A block diagram of such a system.

The concept of a closed system.

A block diagram of such a system.

In a closed system, the output is converted from a pulse form to a DC signal of certain amplitudes.

A cartoon explaining the operation of a closed system.

The comparison block.

With the help of this unit, the drive itself monitors the accuracy of its actions.

Samples of tracking drives.

Such drives are much more powerful than stepper drives.

The concept of an adaptive drive system or self-adjusting systems.

In such systems, data about the part is entered, the rest, the depth and speed of cutting, the amount of feed, the system chooses itself, thanks to continuous measurements during processing.

The concept of a flexible system.

These computer-based systems are versatile and can be easily combined with any machine tools.

The widespread use of such systems has brought the CNC to a new level.

Use of central computers for simultaneous control of several machines, sections and lines.

The computer manages the equipment of the workshop.

A cartoon explaining the work of an automated technological complex.

In such a system, the efficiency of using machines will almost approach the limit.

The metalworking process.

Such systems will solve the problem of small-scale production.

Close-up, portraits of workers at CNC machines.

Panorama of the CNC machines.

Robots that perform work on moving parts on CNC machines.

Robotization of lines with CNC machines.

Alternating frames with the work of machines and robots.

The operator in the VC.

Operation of computer magnetic memory devices.

Programmers work on personal computers.

Designers are working on creating new systems.