Mining and underground storage (1969)

Landscape with gas storage valves.

Map of the USSR with the designation of gas fields.

The amount of proven reserves.

Oil and gas rig.

A team on gas production.

A cartoon explaining the process of gas production and transportation.

A cartoon explaining the structure of a gas field.

The composition of gas in gas fields.

The concept of gas regime.

The concept of water pressure regime.

A cartoon showing the structure of a well in a gas field.

The concept of downhole in the field.

A cartoon showing the structure of a well in a gas-bearing formation composed of strong rocks.

A cartoon showing the structure of a well in a gas-bearing formation composed of unstable, loose rocks.

Destruction of the face in such rocks.

In the presence of plantar waters, the face is located above the gas-water level.

Cartoon explaining gas production from two or more horizons

one well.

The columns are perforated in the zone of each gas-bearing horizon.

When it is necessary to operate the layers separately, a disconnector is lowered into the well.

The rubber rings of the disconnector, fitting tightly to the walls of the column, overlap the inter-tube space.

Now the gas from the lower horizon will go through the fountain pipes, and from the upper one through the inter-tube space.

The wellhead is equipped with fountain fittings.

A cartoon explaining the structure of a column head, a fountain Christmas tree.

Valves and measuring devices are placed on the switch lines.

A pressure gauge that records the pressure in the well.

Opening of the valves on the well.

First, it is necessary to blow the well to clear it of water, rock and clay solution.

For gas-dynamic studies, a diaphragm critical flow meter is installed on the well strapping.

The worker prepares different sized diaphragms for the meter.

A cartoon explaining the operation of the diaphragm meter.

By selecting the appropriate diaphragms, the operator sets the maximum possible productivity of the well, ensuring the safety of the subsoil and saving the consumption of reservoir energy.

In fields with a water-pressure regime, the movement of reservoir waters is constantly monitored through observation wells.

Tracking equipment.

To do this, a projectile of neutron gamma logging of wells is lowered into the bottom.

Cartoon explaining the work of the projectile.

The receiving station of the projectile.

A cartoon explaining the regulation of gas extraction.

With the help of a regulating fitting, its hole from the well is reduced.

The back pressure on the face increases and there will be no lifting of the water cone.

To increase the flow rates of wells, various methods of production intensification are used.

In deposits containing carbonaceous rocks, bottom-hole zones are treated with a hydrochloric acid solution.

A cartoon explaining this process.

To increase the productivity of wells, hydraulic fracturing is often carried out.

The rupture fluid is composed of diesel fuel, kerosene and hydrochloric acid.

It is pumped into the well under pressure.

A cartoon explaining this process.

Additional ways for gas to enter the well can be created using sandblasting perforation.

To do this, a sandblasting drill is lowered into the face.

A cartoon explaining the operation of this device.

When the perforator reaches the bottom, water with fine sand is injected into it under pressure.

Types of perforations.

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A group assembly point at a large gas condensate field.

Here the gas is drained and the condensate is separated by low-temperature separation.

At the point of each well, an individual processing line is equipped.

The method of low-temperature separation (NTS).

Cyclone separator.

Gravity separator.

The pre-purified warm gas in the separator is sent to the heat exchanger.

From the heat exchanger, the cooled gas is supplied to the control fitting.

After that, the cooled gas enters the NTS.

NTS provides gas drying only at the initial stage of field operation.

In the future, at some fields, the gas after the second stage of separation is sent to glycol drying.

A cartoon explaining the operation of the absorber column.

After passing glycol drying, the gas is sent to the measuring unit.

Type of installation.

After the measurement, the gas goes into the gas collector.

The separated condensate and saturated dec are separated in horizontal separators.

A cartoon explaining the operation of the separator.

From the separator, the condensate is sent to an industrial condensate collector, and the saturated dec is taken to a collection tank.

The same container receives dec from the glycol drying unit.

From this container, the dec is pumped to the regeneration unit.

A cartoon explaining the operation of the regeneration unit.

The dehydrated and cooled dec is taken to the storage tank.

From where it is taken to re-introduce it into the gas flow.

Monitoring the operation of metering pumps.

Field control room.

Equipment maintenance.

In the fields where the reservoir pressure reserve does not allow the gas to be cooled by reduction, refrigerating machines are installed.

In them, the gas is cooled to the desired temperature without reducing the pressure and is sent to separators to separate moisture.

At large fields feeding several main gas pipelines, gas from the collector enters the field gas distribution stations of the PGRS.

Gas distribution is carried out at the PGRS and its flow rate is measured.

The standard scheme of gas preparation for long-distance transport.

Depending on the geographical location of the field, its thermodynamic features, the gas treatment scheme may change.

The Severostavropolskoye field has a high gas temperature.

This excludes the formation of hydrates in commercial communications.

The reservoir pressure in this field is close to the pressure in the main gas pipelines.

It is impossible to use low-temperature separation (NTS) due to reduction.

At the Severostavropolskoye field, gas is drained at a field gas distribution station (PGS), at a glycol drying plant, where gas is supplied from the entire field.

The deposits of the far north are characterized by low air temperatures.

It is especially important to prevent moisture from entering the main gas pipeline.

Therefore, instead of the absorption method of drying gas in the north, an adsorption method is used.

Cartoon explaining the work of the adsorption method of gas purification.

As the deposit is depleted, the pressure in the reservoir decreases and the gas must pass 2-3 or more compression stages at the head compressor station before transportation.

In order to maintain a constant flow of gas in the main line, linear compressor stations are being built after 100-120km.

If gas is transported from gas condensate fields, a DRIP separator is installed on the main gas pipelines in low places.

A cartoon explaining the work of the drip.

Linear compressor station.

Streets of the city.

Panorama of a chemical plant.

Gas consumption is not uniform.

Underground gas storage facilities are being created to eliminate seasonal unevenness of consumption.

Underground gas storage facilities are a fishery with treatment facilities, dozens of wells, compressor stations.

A cartoon explaining the operation of the underground storage.

In order not to pollute the reservoir reservoir with oil from compressors, the gas is first sent to cyclone separators, where drip oil is separated from it.

For finer cleaning, it is passed through an activated carbon absorber.

Being cleaned of oil, the gas carries away dust particles of coal.

Therefore, ceramic filters are installed after the absorber.

A cartoon explaining the operation of these filters.

The purified gas enters the reservoir.

When gas is extracted from the storage aquifer, it contains moisture.

Therefore, it undergoes double separation and absorption.

The operation of the underground storage varies depending on the time of year.

A cartoon explaining the seasonal operation of the gas storage facility.

View of the gas storage facility.

Streets of the city.