Kunashir - the island of volcanoes (1978)

Ocean waves crash onto the shore of Kunashir Island.

Panorama of the shore and mountains.

Stones and rocks in the water off the coast, landscapes of Kunashir Island.

Flora of Kunashir Island, wind blowing from the ocean.

An expedition of volcanologists heads across the plain to one of the volcanoes.

Panorama of Lake Kipyashchego, located in one of the craters of the Golovnin Volcano.

View of part of the lake shore, steam rising above the water.

One of the hot springs in the water off the shore, breaking through to the surface.

A female volcanologist approaches one of the hot springs.

Measuring the water temperature in a hot spring and taking water samples for chemical analysis.

Volcanologists at the burning springs on the Golovnin Volcano.

Head of the expedition E.K. Markhinin examines a test tube with a sample taken.

Bubbling in one of the mud pots.

Taking a sample from a mud pot.

Taking and distributing water samples from a volcanic source for chemical analysis.

View of the surface of a mud pot.

An expedition biologist conducts research in the field using a microscope.

Markhinin walks along the shore of a lake in clouds of steam.

Markhinin approaches a colleague conducting air research using a special device.

Markhinin looks into the eyepiece of the device, the face of one of the expedition members.

View of a part of the lake shore with hot springs, Markhinin and his colleague conduct research (top).

Landscapes and lakes of Kunashir Island, on the route to Mendeleyev Volcano.

Expedition members follow Mendeleyev Volcano through the forest, faces of expedition members.

A "flag"-shaped tree, mountain landscape.

Panorama of a part of the zone of one of the volcano's side craters, clouds of steam rise from cracks in the ground.

Toxic steam rises from fumarole cracks.

A column of fumarole gas bursts out of a crack.

Sulfur deposits around fumaroles.

Toxic vapors above sulfur deposits.

Views of streams flowing from the volcano.

Rocks colored by stream water containing sulfuric and hydrochloric acids.

Panorama of part of one of the streams.

Panorama of the lake against the backdrop of the Tyatya volcano.

View of the Tyatya volcano.

Results of the 1973 Tyatya volcano eruption, branches of dried-up trees.

Volcanologists climb the slope past dead tree trunks.

Members of the expedition led by Markhinin move along the slope in a chain, one after another (from above).

Members of the expedition move toward the volcano's crater.

Markhinin and his colleagues look into the depths of the crater.

Members of the expedition begin their descent into the volcano's crater.

Volcanologists move along the slope of the crater.

Volcanologists walk through clouds of steam.

Expedition members collecting volcanic soil samples, fumarole openings.

Expedition members’ faces in protective respirators.

Markhinin and his colleague walk through a crater, steam is coming out of cracks in the ground.

One of the volcanologists stops by dried-out tree trunks.

The volcanologist takes a sampling kit out of his backpack, marks out a spot for taking soil samples, and starts collecting samples.

Dead trees on the slope of a volcano, view of the volcanologists’ camp.

Volcanologists by a campfire, volcanologists’ camping life.

Setting up a tent.

One of the expedition members rakes away a layer of ash over the remaining snow, collects snow in a pot for boiling water.

Volcanologists by a campfire during a rest period.

Melting snow in a pot over a campfire.

The faces of Markhinin and his colleagues.

Logs burning in a campfire.

Volcanic eruption, chunks of lava and ash flying up.

Tolbachik volcano crater during the eruption in 1975. Markhinin watches the eruption, standing at the volcano crater.

Falling pieces of hot lava.

Flow of hot lava.

One of the volcanologists throws a stone into the flowing lava to determine the flow speed.

Volcanologist watches the flow of molten lava, panorama of a part of the flow.

Volcanologists at the edge of the molten flow conduct scientific research during the volcanic eruption, take air samples.

Flowing lava.

Volcanologists at the edge of the flow conduct geodetic measurements (panorama).

One of the volcanologists at the foot of the volcano during the eruption.

A pot of melting snow on a fire in the volcanologists' camp.

Volcanologists by the fire.

Forest landscape.

Volcanologists descend down the slope past dead trees.

The legs of volcanologists walking on a layer of volcanic ash, vegetation breaking through the layer of ash.

Seagulls fly over the water, views of the ocean shore on Kunashir Island.