Fundamentals of Metallurgical Production. Section 4 (1984)

A ship sails among the ice in the ocean.

Insulation of a gas pipeline.

Machine room of a nuclear power plant.

Assembly line at a car factory.

Spacecraft launch.

Airplane flight.

Open-hearth furnace.

Boiling steel.

Three methods of extra-furnace refining of liquid steel.

Treatment of liquid steel with inert gas, vacuum and synthetic slags.

A cartoon explaining a method of improving the quality of metal by treating it with an inert gas.

The main purpose of purging is to remove dissolved gases and suspended non-metallic inclusions from steel, as well as to equalize the chemical composition and temperature of the metal.

A cartoon explaining the process of removing dissolved gases and suspended non-metallic inclusions.

The chemical composition and temperature of the metal throughout the ladle volume are averaged during purging.

Refining indicators of liquid steel during argon purging.

Submersible tuyere, by means of which argon is introduced.

A cartoon explaining the processes occurring during vacuum treatment of steel.

Vacuuming in a ladle.

Photo by academician A.M. Samarin, who was the first to prove the efficiency of vacuum treatment in mass steel production.

In modern installations, a vacuum is created using a multi-stage steam jet pump.

Pump control panel.

Cartoon explaining the operating principle of the pump stage.

Cartoon explaining the processes that occur during vacuum treatment of steel.

Laboratory studies of vacuumized steel.

The efficiency of steel refining increases when vacuuming unkilled metal.

Cartoon explaining the advantages and disadvantages of vacuuming.

Vacuuming in a stream.

Cartoon explaining the technological process of vacuuming in a stream.

The refining process occurs very quickly, during the fall of the stream.

Such refining is used when pouring large ingots, up to 400 tons, into molds.

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