Astrophysical picture of the world (1989)

(Part 1 - The structure of the Universe according to Ptolemy, according to Copernicus.

Galaxies - The starry sky.

The Milky Way.

Part 2 - The Crimean coast 1st landscape.

Explanation of the red shift.

Expansion of the Galaxy.

Singularity).

Image of space.

Interior of the church.

Frescoes on the church dome.

Burning church candles.

Globe.

Ptolemy's geocentric model of the universe.

Church stained glass windows.

Portrait of Copernicus.

Heliocentric model of the universe.

Close-up of hands pressing the valves of a flute.

Portrait of the English astronomer William Herschel.

The scientist studied nebulae in space and saw individual stars in them.

Star clusters.

The Milky Way.

People at the table.

Portraits of great astronomers of the 20th century.

Chronicle of 1929. Railroad.

Steam locomotives.

A steam locomotive travels among the mountains in America.

A steam locomotive enters a tunnel.

Observatory.

In 1929, astronomer Edwin Hubble photographed nebulae and discovered that they clearly disintegrated into stars.

Distance to the stars calculated by Hubble.

He determined that our galaxy was not the only galaxy in the universe.

Alternating frames with images of galaxies.

Hubble identified three classes of galaxies: elliptical, spiral, and irregular.

Thanks to Hubble, it became clear that galaxies are the main structural element of the universe.

An artist paints a picture of the world.

Image of our galaxy.

Structure of our galaxy.

Diversity of stars that make up the galaxy.

Our sun is located between the spiral arms of the galaxy.

A gramophone is playing.

Portrait of Einstein.

Concept of space and time in classical cosmology.

Space and time, according to Einstein's theory, are inextricably linked with matter.

The presence of matter curves space.

Space is closed under the weight of the universe.

All points of the Einstein universe are equal.

It turns out that wherever a person is, he is in the center of the world.

Portrait of Alexander Friedman.

Scientist's office.

Friedman, solving the equations of the general theory of relativity, came to the conclusion that Einstein's universe cannot be static, it must change over time, expand or contract.

Crimean nature views.

Red shift.

When a star or star system moves away from us, the frequency of the light wave coming from them decreases.

The lines of their spectra shift to the red side.

Hubble noticed that the red shift is characteristic of the spectra of almost all galaxies.

Moreover, the farther the galaxy, the greater the shift, the higher the speed of removal.

Galaxies are moving away from each other.

The universe is expanding.

Clock.

Expansion means that many years ago galaxies were closer to each other, and even earlier they did not exist at all.

Photograph of American astronomers who discovered strange radio noise in 1965. It was very weak, but came from all sides.

The laboratory where the noise is observed.

Scientists have found that this radiation arose about 15 billion years ago at a temperature of 3000 Kelvin.

That's how hot the universe was.

Calculations show that it was even hotter before.

And even earlier there was a singularity, a special super-dense state of matter.

A completely different physics that does not exist today is needed to describe it.

While we know only one thing about singularity, our past, present and future were hidden in this mysterious state.

The frame shows a stylized image of a clock mechanism.

The Big Bang Theory.

A few seconds after the start of expansion, the annihilation era ended, and the early universe became like a hydrogen bomb.

Thermonuclear fusion of matter began.

The chemical formula for the capture of protons by neutrons and the creation of helium.

The universe expanded rapidly, the density and temperature fell, and nuclei heavier than helium could not be synthesized.

Then the nuclear fireworks stopped, in the cosmic fog that filled the universe, electrons combined with protons to form hydrogen atoms.

The radiation that had previously scattered on them broke out, separated from the matter.

From that moment on, photon radiation began to move separately from the matter along with the expanding universe, gradually losing its energy.

This is the radio noise that radio astronomers record.

Scientists work in a research laboratory.

Relic radiation, a faint reflection of fire, what the universe used to be.

Dinosaur Museum.

We live in the era of matter.

Everything that was and is on Earth is made up of the same building blocks: oxygen and silicon, iron and phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, calcium.

The Crab Nebula.

The Chinese chronicle records that in 1054 a bright flash was noticed at the site of this nebula.

Scientists believe that a supernova exploded there.

The lineage of this star, like other stars, goes back to the times when the matter that made up the universe was compressed into gas protogalaxies and disintegrated into smaller clots - protostars.

As it compressed, the temperature of the protostar increased and thermonuclear reactions began in its core, only now the reactions did not stop at helium.

Heavier elements such as carbon, oxygen, silicon, etc. were formed in the nuclear flame of massive stars.

Other stars lived out their lives nearby.

All of them lost their shells as a result of evolution, and their cores were compressed.

Some of them were so powerful that nothing remained of them in outer space except a gravitational field.

The artist draws a new universe.

Such black holes do not even emit light.

But at first, massive stars turned into supernovae.

The iron core, under the influence of enormous gravitational force, exploded inward, squeezing the matter to an incredible density, and the blast wave hit the shells of the star.

Elements heavier than iron were born in this rapidly flying hot matter.

The blast wave carried them into interstellar space.

In the past, supernova explosions occurred much more often.

The matter thrown off by the star during such an explosion invaded a nearby gas cloud.

The cloud contracted and the birth of a new star began, but this was a second-generation star, it initially contained heavy elements.

The star lived and after billions of years the fate of its predecessor awaited it and the heavy elements dispersed into space.

From this cosmic material, stars of subsequent generations were formed, including the Sun and its satellites.

This is how the Earth was born.

Views of the Earth from Space.

A man walks along the road among cars.