Fundamentals of Metallurgy (1980)

A researcher examines a metal sample under a microscope.

Metallology is the science of the structure and properties of metals of alloys.

The study of metal for strength.

Cars are moving along the street of the city.

The train is coming.

The plane takes off.

A monument dedicated to space exploration.

Monument to P.P. Anosov, the great Russian metallurgist.

Studying damask steel, Anosov found that the quality of the metal is related to its crystal structure.

Photo of D.K. Chernov, the founder of the science of metals.

Chernov proved that crystals arise at a certain moment of metal cooling.

The growth of crystals goes in all directions with unequal speed, therefore, tree-like crystals of dendrites are formed as a result.

Frames with a real image of salt crystals, similar to the process of metal crystallization.

This structure is typical for cast metals.

Like all materials in nature, metals are made up of atoms.

In a liquid metal, the atoms are in continuous motion, and when cooling, they are arranged in a geometrically correct order.

Crystal lattices are formed.

The representation of a lattice is given by the image of one of its elements - a cell.

In metals, three types of cells are most common.

An image of these lattices and a list of metals to which such lattices belong.

The structure of alloys is much more complex than the structure of pure metals.

Several types of metals are melted in a laboratory furnace.

Metal components usually dissolve in each other.

A homogeneous liquid solution is formed.

The solution is poured into the mold.

In the solid state, the structure of the alloys will be different, depending on the nature of the constituent metals and the nature of their interaction.

Cartoon explaining the structure of alloys of lead with antimony and tin with zinc.

The structure of a mechanical mixture of two metals under a microscope.

The concept of a solid solution.

These include alloys of copper with nickel, iron with chromium and others.

Diagram of the structure of a solid solution.

The transformation of the crystal lattice in a chemical compound.

A chemical compound and a mechanical mixture are often found in the structure of the alloy.

An electron microscope.

The diagram shows the state of iron-carbon alloys with different carbon content at different temperatures under equilibrium conditions.

Alloys with a carbon content of up to 2% are called steels.

Above the top line of the chart (liquidus line) all iron-carbon alloys are in a liquid state.

The finished steel is released from the furnace into a casting ladle, and from the ladle into special molds - molds.

The steel in the mills cools unevenly, so the crystal structure of the ingot turns out to be heterogeneous.

A cartoon explaining this process.

The cooled ingots are heated to a temperature at which the metal acquires plasticity.

Then the ingots arrive at the crimping mills.

Rolled products of different sizes and profiles are obtained from the blanks.

When the shape of the workpiece changes, the structure of the metal changes.

Blanks in the form of steel rods.

The main influence on the structure and properties of the metal is the carbon content.

Steels with a carbon content of up to 0.8% are called structural.

The structure of such steel.

Structural steels have sufficient strength and ductility and are used for the manufacture of various machine parts.

The structure of steel with a carbon content of more than 0.8%.

Such steel has increased hardness and is called tool steel.

Carbon tool steel is used for the manufacture of tools operating at low loads and low cutting speeds.

Drilling holes.

To improve the quality of the metal and give them special properties, alloying elements are added to carbon steel.

With the help of alloying additives, structural steel is obtained for the most critical machine parts.

Structural steels with special physico-chemical properties include heat-resistant, acid-resistant, with increased electrical resistance and many other special steels and alloys.

Satellite.

Samples of tools made of alloyed high-speed steels.

This tool works at high cutting speeds and temperatures up to 600 degrees.

The work of the stamp.

For their manufacture, alloy steels with a complex of necessary properties are used.

Alloys with a carbon content above 2% are called cast iron.

Alloys with a carbon content of 2.5-5% are usually used.

The concept of white cast iron.

Such cast irons are not amenable to mechanical processing, are very hard and brittle.

Testing of white cast iron for strength.

Therefore, they go to the redistribution.

In metallurgy - for steel, in mechanical engineering for ductile iron.

The process of processing white cast iron into malleable.

The structure of ductile iron.

Compared with white cast iron, malleable has greater ductility.

Testing of the sample for plasticity.

Samples of ductile iron parts.

Ductile iron castings have sufficient strength and are well amenable to machining.

With an increased content of silicon in cast iron and a reduced content of manganese, cast iron is called gray.

The fracture of gray cast iron.

The structure of gray cast iron.

Samples of castings from gray cast iron.

The quality of gray cast iron can be improved by adding a small amount of magnesium to the liquid metal.

The process of adding magnesium to cast iron.

The structure of cast iron after the additive.

Such cast iron is called particularly durable.

Casting from such cast iron is a blank of the crankshaft.

The main way to improve the quality of steel is heat treatment.

Removal of workpieces from the furnace after heat treatment.

Cooling of workpieces.

The process of heat treatment of metal on the graph.

Annealing.

Normalization.

Tempering.

The concept of billet release and its types.

Processing of the crankshaft.

Processing of gear teeth.

Such parts undergo surface treatment.

The process of hardening parts with heating by high frequency currents.

Generator of high frequency currents.

The depth of the hardened layer of the part.

Automated machine for quenching large parts.

The process of chemical and thermal treatment.

A type of such treatment is gas cementation.

A cartoon explaining this process.

The process of hardening parts.

Another method of chemical-thermal treatment is nitriding.

A cartoon explaining this process.

A cartoon explaining the cyanidation process.

The process of thermomechanical processing.

Checking the strength of the part after thermomechanical treatment.

Alternating frames of technological lines in metallurgical production.