Universe (1951)

Cartoons and illustrations: a view of the center of Moscow at night, stars are lighting up in the sky.

Panorama of the starry sky above the Kremlin star.

Outlines of various constellations in the night sky – Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, Cassiopeia, Orion.

A drawing of a shepherd observing the starry sky in ancient times.

Panorama of the Egyptian pyramids.

A picture of the universe with a flat earth and a starry dome, as imagined by ancient scientists.

An astronomer of ancient China observes the stars.

Silhouette of an ancient Greek ship.

Rotation of the celestial vault.

The Earth is spherical, hanging in space.

Illustration of a new theory of the structure of the world, with the Earth at the center of the world, created by Claudius Ptolemy.

A diagram of the universe according to Ptolemy, used by church ministers in the Middle Ages.

Merchant ships enter the port.

A scientist in his office at work.

Columbus's caravels sail to America.

Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus.

Ptolemy's scheme of the universe is replaced by Copernicus's scheme with the sun at the center of the world.

The motion of the planets around the sun according to Copernicus.

A session of the Inquisition tribunal, portraits of Giordano Bruno and Galileo.

A view of one of the ancient Russian monasteries.

The text of an ancient Russian chronicle about mass forest fires and drought.

Sunspots noticed by Russian scientists.

Bust of M.V. Lomonosov.

The solar disk with a corona.

Types of the sun's surface and the processes occurring on it.

Portrait of M.V. Lomonosov.

The building of the Academy of Sciences in St.

Petersburg (drawing).

Photographs of the oldest Russian observatories in Moscow, Pulkovo and others.

Portrait of the great Russian astronomer V.Ya.

Struve in his book on stellar astronomy research.

Portraits of Russian astronomers F.A. Bredikhin, A.A. Belopolsky.

Covers of works by Russian astronomers.

Articles on astronomy in popular science magazines.

Photograph of an astronomer observing stars through a telescope.

Compact telescope of the Maksutov D.D. system.

Telescope for observing the Sun, adjustment of lenses and reflectors of the telescope.

Sunspots on a special screen.

Astronomers at a telescope studying sunspots.

Rotating telescope-astrograph for photographing celestial bodies.

Adjusting the astrograph, preparing it for photography.

Photographs of planets and distant worlds and nebulae invisible to the naked eye.

Demonstration of the spectrography method, one of the methods for studying the universe, spectrum line diagrams (animation).

Studying a spectrum image on a special device to determine the density, temperature and nature of the motion of distant planets.

Operation of a thermocouple connected to a mirror galvanometer to measure the temperature of individual places on the surface of a planet.

View of the zenith telescope installed at the Pulkovo Observatory to monitor the constant position of the earth's axis.

An observatory employee adjusts the telescope.

Adjusting a transit instrument to determine the time of passage of luminaries through any vertical plane.

Transmission of precise time signals throughout the USSR. A telegraph apparatus in operation.

View of one of the laboratories of the Sternberg Astronomical Institute in Moscow.

Drawing of the Spasskaya Bathhouse.

View of the center of Moscow (top, animation).

Rotation of the Earth in space (animation).

The Moon in space.

Comparison of the sizes of the Earth and the Moon (animation).

Views of the lunar surface, craters on the sunlit side of the Moon.

The surface of the Moon at night (animation).

Pictures depicting lunar landscapes, the rocks of the Moon illuminated by the bluish disk of the Earth.

The end of the lunar night and the beginning of the lunar day, the sun begins to illuminate the lunar rocks.

Comparison of the sizes of the Sun and the Earth.

Temperature on the surface and in the center of the Sun.

Prominences on the solar surface.

View of the solar disk.

Helium in the periodic table.

Helium cylinders.

Scheme of the revolution of the planets around the sun in orbits (animation).

Scheme of the arrangement of the planets by distance from the sun (animation).

The planet Mercury, the farthest from the sun.

Comparison of the sizes of Earth and Mercury (animation).

The side of Mercury that is constantly turned towards the sun.

A drawing depicting the sun that never sets in the sky of Mercury.

Dense clouds hiding the surface of Venus.

Part of Venus is hidden in the darkness.

Earth in the universe.

Mars with two small satellites.

Comparison of the sizes of Mars and Earth.

Views of the surfaces of Mars during the day and at night. "Caps" of the poles of Mars.

Change in the color of the surface of Mars as the poles melt.

Portrait of the scientist G.A. Tikhov.

Panorama of the edge of a mixed forest in summer.

Study of terrestrial vegetation using a spectrograph.

Pictures of parts of the surfaces of Earth and Mars, taken with a spectrograph.

Scheme of the distance of Earth and Mars from the sun (animation).

View of the surface of Mars.

Study of the spectra of plants in winter conditions at the coldest temperature.

Spectrographic images of solar heat production by plants in cold and warm areas of the Earth, compared with images from Mars.

View of the surface of Mars near the pole.

Grid of lines on Mars.

Proposed canals on Mars and vegetation along the canals as imagined by astronomers of the past (animation).

Jupiter with its satellites.

View of the surface of Jupiter.

Comparison of the sizes of Jupiter and Earth (animation).

The body of Jupiter hidden by a thick layer of clouds (animation).

View of Jupiter from the surface of one of its satellites (animation).

The planet Saturn in the universe.

View of the surface of Saturn and its rings (animation).

The motion of the planets Uranus and Neptune around the sun (animation).

Pluto in outer space.

The region of asteroids between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter in the diagram of the solar system (animation).

Asteroids flying through space (animation).

Orbits of asteroids crossing orbits of planets (animation).

Asteroids colliding with each other.

Small parts of a broken asteroid, knocked out of orbit, approach the sun (animation).

The process of comet formation from fragments of an asteroid, according to Orlov's theory (animation).

Comet in outer space.

Disintegration and dispersion of a comet in space under the influence of gravity or high temperatures.

Small asteroid flying in interplanetary space.

Asteroid rushing towards Earth.

Approach of a meteorite to the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere.

Fall of a meteorite to Earth, explosion (staging).

Fragment of a fallen meteorite.

Cleaning the surface of a meteorite fragment with a brush.

Samples of meteorites in a museum.

A museum employee places a fragment of a meteorite under a glass cover.

Interior view of one of the halls of the museum.

Constellations and stars in outer space (animation).

Scheme of light passing from the sun to the Earth, illustration of the speed of light (animation).

The sun and stars in the universe, the location of the sun and stars (animation).

Rhythmically pulsating giant star in the universe (animation).

A Cepheid star flickering in space.

View of a binary star with a white dwarf.

Comparison of the sizes and masses of the Earth and the smallest of the known white dwarfs (animation).

The red giant Antares in the universe (animation).

Comparison of the orbits of Antares and Mars (animation).

Cool stars emitting heat rays by which they can be detected (animation).

Atomic reactions occurring inside stars, the rupture of the outer layers of a star (animation).

Dispersion of matter ejected by a star.

The movement of a rarefied gas nebula in interstellar space (animation).

Dark clouds formed by an accumulation of small solid particles according to the Struve hypothesis.

A scattering of stars in the galaxy.

View of the observatory.

The dome of the telescope is moved apart, the telescope turns to the sky.

View of part of the telescope.

An astronomer aims the telescope at the object being studied.

Various galaxies in the universe, observed through telescopes.

Articles by Soviet astronomers on the origin of stars in the "Bulletin of the USSR Academy of Sciences".

Distribution of blue stars in the galaxy in groups, according to the research of Academician Ambartsumyan (animation).

One of the blue giants in the universe.

Scattering of light by a blue giant.

The emergence of groups of stars in the galaxy according to Ambartsumyan's theory (animation).

The motion of stars and planets in the solar system (animation).

The process of the emergence of the solar system and planets from cold cosmic dust according to the theory of Academician Schmidt (animation).

The process of formation of a spherical body of a planet (animation).

The motion of celestial bodies in the universe.

Sunrise over a planet (animation).

Stars and planets inside the galaxy.

Earth and Moon inside the solar system.

Earth rotation, Earth surface relief (cartoon).

Spasskaya Tower with a red star at night (cartoon).