The peasant question in Russia in the 20th century. Stolypin's reforms, the activities of food detachments, the NEP and the rise of agriculture. Collectivization; its stages. Arrests of "kulaks", famine in the early 1930s. Repressions against Chayanov, Kondratyev, Markov - Soviet economists, representatives of the "Russian Economic School" who advocated cooperation. Mass repressions. Reflections on the future of the village, on farm (farmer) agriculture. Memories of eyewitnesses, newsreel footage.












































Winter, snow, panorama of a ravine, rural wooden houses, outlines of a church visible in the distance.
Orthodox church, panorama of wooden houses, smoke coming out of the chimneys, in the frame a corral for horses, a herd grazing.
An old woman in the yard, sitting on a chair, milking a cow.
The old woman speaks to the camera.
Close-up - an old man in a fur hat smoking a cigarette.
Close-up - hands milking a cow.
Country house, a woman takes a child out for a walk from the entryway, leaves him in the yard, panorama of the house windows, the yard.
A dog is sitting near the fence.
Close-up - a boy in a fur hat.
A truck drives along a village street, in the frame an Orthodox church, village houses.
Chronicle of the 1930s - a concert, a portrait of Stalin on the stage, a choir singing, an accordion player playing, the director conducting, agricultural work in the village, weaving looms working, a woven portrait of Stalin, weaving girls in embroidered shirts at spinning wheels, looms - weaving portraits of Stalin and Lenin.
An old woman milking a cow.
Chronicle of the 1930s - a concert, a choir of girls singing, the director conducting, a large portrait of Stalin in the center of the stage, women and girls in national costumes bring a carpet with Stalin's image, straighten it on the ground, clean it, etc.
Early spring, there is still snow, streams are flowing, a panorama of a washed-out road, a field, village houses and an Orthodox church are visible in the distance, a man is walking along the road.
Chronicle of the 1930s - late evening, a demonstration in the frame, people with flags and banners.
A service is going on in an Orthodox church - in the frame, women, old ladies in headscarves with candles in their hands, praying, crossing themselves and putting candles near icons, etc.
Chronicle of the 1930s - a demonstration, people with banners, management on the balcony.
B/W shooting - an Orthodox church, a panorama of the adjacent territory, a snow-covered field.
Spring, buds on bare branches, a panorama of abandoned wooden houses.
A man is sitting in the kitchen of his house, talking to the camera, talking about the destruction of villages in the Russian north.
An abandoned village, a panorama of wooden houses, dilapidated buildings, etc.
In the frame, a birch tree, nests are visible on the branches.
Panorama of the ground, wooden houses, sheds, barns, etc.
A man in glasses is speaking, talking about the Stalin period, about forced collectivization.
B/W photography - field, semi-darkness, fog, outlines of a fence, village buildings, etc.
Rails, narrow-gauge railway, passage between barracks, barrier, guard tower, etc. in the frame.
Chronicle of the 1930s - a collective farm, a crowd of people with flags and banners is walking across a bridge over a river, a brass band is playing, men are standing in a row, sharpening their scythes.
An old woman in a headscarf is sitting in a room at a loom, talking about collective farms, about collectivization.
Close-up - the face of an elderly man.
Close-up - the hands of an elderly woman on a loom.
An elderly man is speaking.
An old woman in a headscarf is speaking (sitting at a loom).
A village hut, a white stove, in a nook behind the stove - a small pig.
Panorama of the wall in the room - in the frame a children's photograph in a frame, an icon, photographs of men, Stalin, a portrait of Brezhnev.
An old woman in a headscarf is speaking.
Close-up of the old woman's hands on a loom.
An old woman in a headscarf is working at a loom, a panorama of a room, a woman is sitting at a table, there is a samovar on the table, a woven picture of the Madonna and Child is hanging on the wall.
Various woven pictures are shown, which depict Pushkin, scenes from village life, an Orthodox church.
A chronicle from the 1930s - a shepherd plays the horn, a herd of cows comes out of the forest into a field, peasants are mowing hay, working in the field, collecting haystacks, peasant children are bathing horses in the river.
A man in glasses is speaking.
Photographs of old pre-revolutionary newspapers with articles by Stolypin.
Photograph of Pyotr Stolypin.
Text of a pre-revolutionary newspaper with an article dedicated to Stolypin.
Chronicle of 1913 - Tsarist Russia, crowd of people, flags, grand opening of the Stolypin monument in Kyiv, festive events, ladies in hats, etc. in the frame.
Thaw, flood, panorama of the river, bank with remnants of snow, village houses.
New wooden log house, man building a house, sawing off a piece of board.
Close-up - man's face.
Man works with plane, does carpentry.
Village street, houses, etc. are visible through the windows of unfinished house.
Village wooden houses in the frame (shot from above).
Panorama of wooden houses, bathhouse, various buildings.
Winter landscape, view of the village from above.
Chronicle of the 1920s - village, folk festivities, carousel rides, children running along village street, young people, women in headscarves, children walking along the road past village houses, holiday, peasants in folk clothes, dancing in a circle, dancing, etc.
Chronicle of the 1930s - a veterinarian examines a cow, in the frame a collective farm, slogans and banners, peasants, a herd of cows, a sign "
Cooperation - a bridge from the village to the city", signs in the city - "
Cooperation", "
Cooperative bank", in the frame a column of cars with banners, a demonstration on the streets of the city, a village, a collective farm, some kind of holiday, festivities, people in a field, sitting on the grass, dancing, dancing in a circle, etc.
In the photograph - Russian economist A. V. Chayanov.
In the old b/w photograph - a Russian city, a river.
Chronicle of the 1920s - a river, a boat trip, people on the deck, a view of the shore, a panorama of the shore, small towns, villages, Orthodox churches, etc. floating in the frame, people on the deck of a boat, in the frame - a river, a shore, the outlines of a small town, a pier, small river vessels, barges, a group of peasants on the deck of a river vessel, a panorama of the city, houses, a pier, vessels near the shore, Orthodox churches, boats, people on the shore (shot from the water, from movement), in the frame - a boy in a cap.
Chronicle of the 1930s - a tram with a banner on the roof passes by, winter, a group of children and women go to a demonstration with a banner "
Everyone to the Soviet elections", a panorama of the tower, a portrait of Lenin and a clock are visible, a baby in a crib, a kindergarten, children in cribs in the yard, children doing exercises with a teacher, a school, students doing gymnastic exercises under the guidance of a teacher, a vocational school, students march in formation to machines, work with hammers, the work of a machine, various mechanisms, etc. is shown, grain is poured into buckets, in the frame there are carts with sacks, peasants handing over grain, horses, carts, etc.
Women with sacks and buckets walk along a country road.
An elderly woman in a white headscarf in the yard of a house, near a woodpile, a dog is running around the yard.
A gray-haired man is speaking.
Evening, the setting sun, in the frame a field, grass.
A village, a group of children.
Cats on the roof of a barn.
An elderly bearded man is speaking, his wife is lying on the bed next to him.
Panorama of the room, in the frame a window, a mirror on the wall, postcards, photographs, etc.
A gray-haired man is speaking.
Sunset, a field, a flock of birds takes off into the sky.
In the frame - a village house, the camera zooms in on the sun.
An elderly bearded man is speaking (reflection in the mirror).
Close-up - the man's face.
A gray-haired man is speaking.
In the frame - a street of a small provincial town, a church, a group of soldiers walking along the road.
Children are marching in formation.
A group of soldiers marching to the bathhouse.
Close-up - the face of an elderly bearded man.
Evening, a church in scaffolding, a group of soldiers marching, a panorama of the temple, domes.
Chronicle of the 1920s - church, panorama of a village, houses, street, crowd of people in the frame, peasants, women in headscarves, fair, trade, shops, horse-drawn carts, sale of various peasant utensils, hardware, etc., winter, peasants on sleighs, food tax, cavalry riding along a village street, gathering of peasants on the central street, agitator speaking, peasants at a rally with banners, voting, Rostov Kremlin, church domes, Orthodox church in the frame.
Panorama of an old abandoned church, bell tower, broken glass in the windows, peeling walls, etc. in the frame.
Close-up - the face of an elderly woman in a headscarf.
Drops are dripping from the roof.
Panorama of the building of an abandoned church, footprints in the snow in the frame.
Close-up - the face of an elderly woman in a headscarf.
Vologda Oblast, a small provincial town, view of houses, a church, a horse-drawn carriage driving along the road, camera zooms in on an old church and a carriage (shot from above).
Chronicle of the 1930s - a crowd of people coming out of an arch, a brass band playing, a machine working, barbed wire production shown, a worker with a jackhammer, iron rods being driven into a wall, holes being made in the wall, a man writing numbers on the wall with chalk, a machine working, barbed wire being produced, a panorama of the walls of a destroyed church, a fresco in the frame, holes in the wall, chalk inscriptions, night, spotlights on, a bugler playing, footage of an explosion of an Orthodox church shown, sculptors working in a workshop, sports models posing, a view of the workshop, a panorama of the plant grounds, pipes in the frame, smoke coming out, etc.
An elderly man with a beard sits by his wife's bed.
Chronicle of the 1920-1930s - men in a quarry, digging with shovels, men at a long table, having lunch.
Close-up - the face of an elderly gray-haired man.
Black and white photography - a zone, a guard tower, a fence, barbed wire.
Chronicle of the 1930s - a panorama of groups of people, in the frame are military personnel, Red Army soldiers, peasants, men, women in headscarves.
Birds in the sky.
Chronicle of the 1930s - people working on the ruins of a blown up church, sorting through rubble, collecting bricks, garbage, stones, etc.
It is raining, drops on the water, a panorama of the river, the bank, trees.
Close-up - the faces of children (looking at the camera).
Panorama of the river, banks, trees, in the frame a field, wooden village houses, sheds, etc.
A group of children in the rain, standing near a dilapidated wooden house, a panorama of the walls, a destroyed roof.
Close up - a child's palm catches raindrops, a panorama of the girl's face.
Chronicle of the 1930s - a man near the rostrum, applause and ovations are heard, a panorama of the rostrum, Stalin, Voroshilov and other party and political figures are in the frame, there are bouquets of flowers next to them.
A man in a white shirt is speaking.
Chronicle of the 1930s - People's Commissar of Agriculture Yakov Yakovlev is speaking at the rostrum, Stalin, Voroshilov and others are on the rostrum.
A man in a white shirt is speaking.
Chronicle of the 1930s - Yakovlev is giving a report from the rostrum, people are shown in the hall, women in headscarves of different nationalities are in the frame.
A village, a river, a wooden house on the bank, various outbuildings, a barge with wood and forest is floating along the river, a panorama of trees, a river, a towing boat is in the frame, fishermen with fishing rods are on the bridge by the river.
An old group black and white photograph shows the Russian economist N. D. Kondratyev.
A plowed field, with electric poles and wires in the center, a panorama of the field, and the outline of a mill visible in the fog in the background.
Close-up - field, land.
Black and white photography - a village, houses, a river in the fog.
Tall grass sways by the river bank.
A zone, a guard tower, a fence, barbed wire, the sun is shining brightly.
A panorama of the zone, with a fence, barbed wire, etc. in the frame.
Close-up - a web on the barbed wire.
Chronicle of the 1920-1930s - a holiday in the village, girls demonstrating gymnastic pyramids, marching, etc., in the frame are the faces of peasants, children, the leadership is speaking from the rostrum, peasants have gathered at the rostrum, listening to the speaker's speech, in the frame are peasants - participants of the "
Red Convoy", nearby are carts with food, sacks, etc., a representative of the "
Red Convoy"
is speaking, in the frame are peasants, convoys, etc., forests are burning, trees are being cut down and felled, in the frame is the river bank, smoke from the fires, a military brass band is playing, people are working at a construction site, the poster "
Let's give record rates", laying new railway tracks, an agitation poster, builders are laying sleepers, etc., a camp, construction work in a quarry, carts with horses are driving over a bridge, prisoners, repressed persons, "
enemies of the people"
are working, etc.
A man in glasses is sorting through old photographs from the family archive.
Close up - old b/w photographs in hands.
In the old photograph - the man's father.
Chronicle of the 1920-1930s - a labor camp, men work in logging, carry logs, fell trees, chop branches, etc., a group of men carry rails, prepare sleepers, builders and workers are laying a railroad bed, mine carts are moving along the rails, men are digging in a quarry, hauling earth in wheelbarrows, different shots of work in a quarry are shown, management is standing at the top, overseeing the work, men are digging, driving in wedges, reinforcement, pumping a pump, working with hoes, etc., the boss is speaking, in the frame - a large group of men (listening to a speech), military personnel, managers at the table in the presidium, in the frame - a crowd of prisoners from the camp, a guard with a rifle on the camp territory, men during a break, dancing, clapping their hands, etc., a guard with a rifle in the zone.
A woman walks along a bridge over a river, a panorama of the river, stone slabs.
Suzdal, the Kamenka River, a fortress wall and towers are in the frame.
A woman climbs up a hill, approaches the base of the fortress, approaches the tower, a panorama of the tower, a woman walks along the fortress wall.
Black and white photography - a panorama of a brick wall of the fortress.
A woman near an arch in the fortress, looking down, at the adjacent territory, a panorama of the walls, arched windows, part of the church is visible.
The photograph shows economist Kondratyev.
Close-up - the woman's face (looking at the camera).
A chronicle of the 1930s - a train with boxcars passes by, in the frame - wooden carriages, barred windows, prisoners with sacks getting out of the carriages, guards standing near the carriages, camp territory, a crowd of prisoners walking in formation, a convoy and guards nearby.
A man in a checkered shirt is speaking (talking about the repressions, about the camps), a woman is sitting next to him.
Chronicle of the 1930s - prisoners marching along the road, accompanied by a convoy, the camp gates are closing, the construction of the Moscow-Volga Canal, prisoners at work in a quarry, digging, hoeing, etc. (shot from a passing freight train), the frame shows a train, freight cars, a quarry, etc., men on the road, in the frame are carts, horse-drawn carts, mine carts moving along the footbridges, workers pushing wheelbarrows, a panorama of the construction of the Moscow-Volga Canal (shot from above), the Moscow Canal, the Moscow River, the embankment, the River Station building, people at the opening of the canal, waving their hands, rejoicing, Yezhov on the podium, people on the pier waving their hands, a steamship sailing past a huge statue of Lenin, a speaker speaking from the podium, in the frame are portraits of Lenin and Stalin, people in the hall applauding, etc.
On the wall is a framed b/w photograph of a boy, a panorama of the faces of an elderly man and woman.
A chronicle from the 1930s - an award ceremony for the best workers in the construction of the Moscow-Volga Canal, Kalinin presenting awards, in the frame are the People's Commissar for the construction of the canal Berman, the chief engineer for the construction comrade Zhuk, the deputy people's commissar for forestry comrade Kogan.
Twilight, a river, a barge floating by.
River, panorama of the bank, a sign "Moscow Canal" is visible (shot from the water, from the movement).
Panorama of the water surface of the river, in the frame a boat, a barge.
Ukraine, view of a village, in the frame huts with a thatched roof.
Chronicle of the 1930s - Ukraine, village, town, a crowd of peasants with banners and flags walking along the road, grain is being loaded onto a ship, men are carrying sacks of grain, a river port, workers are pushing wheelbarrows, timber is being loaded, a view of the pier - stacks of timber are stacked on the shore, various ships, a view of the port, ships near the shore, a Ukrainian village, huts, girls in national clothes are embroidering in the garden, embroidered portraits of Stalin, Ukrainian girls are embroidering in the garden, flowering trees are in the frame.
B/W shooting - a man is speaking.
Chronicle of the 1930s - mills are working, a column of tractors is driving by, a field of wheat is in the frame.
A man is speaking.
Chronicle of the 1930s - a crowd of peasants is walking along the road with children, things, sacks, food is being distributed, peasants with pots, a boy is chewing a twig, peasants are at a rest stop.
A man is speaking.
Chronicle of the 1930s - a cart with coffins drives into an arch, men unload the coffins, there are dead people on the ground, peasants walk past them, men lift a fallen woman, men stack people who died of hunger, hungry emaciated children are in the frame, children eat from a pot, a child's face.
Close-up - black and white photograph of a man.
Old black and white photograph - a woman with a boy.
Black and white photography - an old prison, a corridor, cells, bars, etc.
In the photograph - a man with a pipe.
Black and white photography - an old prison, a corridor, cells, bars, etc.
Chronicle of the 1910s - some kind of holiday, a festive event, a smartly dressed crowd in the field, children play games, compete, etc.
Black and white photography - an old prison, a corridor, cells, bars, etc.
Black and white photograph of a man.
The man takes off his glasses, looks into the camera.
Black and white photography - an old prison, a corridor, cells, bars, etc.
Close-up - a woman's face (looking at the camera).
Close-up - a black and white photograph of a man, with a hole in the photograph.
Black and white photography - a huge flock of birds in the sky, a fortress wall and towers in the frame.
In the frame - death certificates of N. D. Kondratyev, A. V. Chayanov.
On the screen - statistics on deaths from hunger, repression, etc.
Chronicle of the 1930s - Stalin at a government meeting, putting on a national Tajik robe and skullcap, representatives of the union republics applaud the leader, in the frame the government, members of the Politburo, Voroshilov, Kaganovich and others.
Sunset, in the frame the outlines of a village in the background.
Village houses, sunset sky with clouds, silhouette of a church, a strip from an airplane in the sky.
River, sunset sky, outlines of village houses.
Panorama of a cloudy sky, clouds.
Chronicle of the 1930s - Stalin, members of the Politburo, etc.
Cloudy sky, clouds, a herd of cows grazing in a field.
A man in glasses is speaking.
A village cemetery in the forest, in the frame are the graves of peasants, villagers, monuments, obelisks, crosses, etc.
Close-up - photographs on cemetery monuments.
An old man in the garden with a bucket of potatoes.
An elderly gray-haired man is speaking.
An old man is planting potatoes.
An elderly woman is standing near the fence.
Various shots with elderly villagers - old women in headscarves, etc.
A man on a horse is plowing the land with a plough.
The face of an elderly woman.
A man in a field, feeding a horse, women are standing next to the fence.
A man in a cap is lighting a cigarette.
A horse in a ploughed field.
Various shots with cows.
A village street, goats on the road, a panorama of the river, houses.
Villagers standing near the fence, panorama of the fence, wooden houses, a herd of goats, a cow, etc. in the frame.
A house is reflected in the river.
Close-up - an elderly woman in a headscarf with a bag over her shoulders.
Cloudy sky, panorama of the village landscape, houses, a field.
A man and a woman are cleaning hay into a large haystack.
Men are harvesting hay - stacking hay, working with pitchforks, dragging wheelbarrows with hay, etc.
A woman with a pitchfork on top of a haystack, raking hay.
Different shots - harvesting hay in the village.
Panoramic photography - a river, villages on the bank, a monastery, churches (shot from a flyby, from an upper point).
A view from the river towards the monastery, churches (Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery, the city of Yaroslavl).
A man is speaking (sitting in the kitchen of his house).
A woman in a sports cap is pumping water with a pump (many different shots, shot from different angles).
River, spring flood, pieces of ice are visible in the water, snow on the bank.
A man is wading in the river, climbing onto an ice floe.
Melted ice is floating down the river, the sun's rays are reflected in the water.
A man on the river, walking along the bank, a panorama of melted ice floes, snow, water.
A field, a child is making his way through tall grass, a panorama of an old church, domes.
An old ruined church (view from the inside) - a boy is climbing up the stairs, clambering along the wall.
A boy is inside the church, looking up, the camera zooms out, the frame shows a boy's figure in an arch, a broken wooden door, a view of the dome of the church.
A tree on the ruins of the church, a panorama of a boy looking up.
Panorama of the walls, windows of the old ruined church.
Vologda, the Spaso-Kamenny Monastery for men on an island on Lake Kubenskoye (shot from above, from a flying angle).
Cloudy sky, clouds, fog.
Various Russian landscapes, shot from above - fields, rivers, forests, sunset sky, etc. in the frame.
The sun breaks through the clouds.
Cloudy sky, clouds, fog.
Village, rural life, peasants, collective farms, collectivization, Chronicle of the 30s, food tax, repressions, zone, camps, labor camp, construction of the Moscow-Volga canal, Moscow Canal, Holodomor
Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Voroshilov K. E. - Soviet military man
statesman and party figure
Marshal of the Soviet Union Yakovlev Ya. A. - People's Commissar of Agriculture of the USSR Yezhov N. I. - Soviet party and government figure
People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR Kalinin - Soviet statesman and party figure
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
1930 1913 1920 1910
Vologda region Suzdal Ukraine
Winter Spring