Konpensatorno - adaptive processes. (1991)

Mannequins showing the internal structure of human organs.

In the background, a sports doctor is engaged with a gymnast.

A walrus swimmer swims in a pond in winter.

Strength training of athletes.

Alternating shots with athletes lifting weights.

General photo of athletes.

The concept of adaptation in the light of biological reactions of the body to loads.

Adaptive reactions are aimed at preserving the biological species and the individual.

They cover both health and illness.

In sick people, adaptive reactions are no less pronounced.

For example, with bronchospasm, the muscles of the cervical-brachial complex are activated in the patient, which allows her to adapt to the conditions of existence that have changed as a result of the disease.

In a patient with cirrhosis of the liver, the volume of the organ decreases, and therefore the blood flow through the portal system decreases, but this is compensated by the expansion of the veins of the anterior abdominal wall, through which blood enters the vena cava bypassing the liver.

If a part of an organ or tissue is lost during the disease, then the body adapts to the new conditions of existence, restoring the lost function by turning on special mechanisms or at the expense of other organs.

This process of preserving the functions of the body is called compensation.

Compensation is a form of adjustment.

A blood test is taken from the patient.

In medicine, they talk about compensatory and adaptive processes.

Pressure measurement.

Thanks to compensatory and adaptive processes, a healthy person maintains the constancy of the internal environment of the body.

Homeostasis.

Human analysis data.

These data must be within strictly defined limits.

The ambulance brought the patient to the hospital.

In diseases, there is a violation of homeostasis, which endangers the life of the patient.

For example, with common burns, shock develops, blood pressure drops to a critical level, the pulse increases sharply, blood thickening develops, the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood plasma increases significantly, i.e. acidosis occurs.

The body restores homeostasis by including a whole complex of compensatory and adaptive reactions and doctors help it in this, in particular compensating for acidosis by injecting an alkaline mixture into the blood.

Adaptive reactions can be short-term and long-term.

An example of a short-term reaction is intense sweating during intense physical exertion.

An athlete trains on an exercise bike.

Trained athletes develop a long-term compensatory-adaptive reaction in the form of an increase in muscle mass and heart.

Such a heart easily copes with an increased load and at the same time the heart rate does not change.

A long-term compensatory-adaptive reaction appears in chronic and pathological conditions, for example, in heart defects.

Such genetically fixed stereotypical adaptive reactions as the formation of immunity, inflammation, general adaptation syndrome and regeneration are of crucial importance in the preservation of biological species, including humans.

A cartoon explaining the emergence of immunity.

Inflammation develops in response to damage as a protective and adaptive reaction aimed at treating and eliminating the damaging factor.

Bandaging of the damaged hand.

A cartoon explaining the work of the pituitary-adrenal system.

The concept of regeneration.

Regeneration of the skin in a rat.

The wound defect is filled with connective tissue growing from the bottom of the wound, on which epithelium grows from the edges of the wound.

Regeneration at the tissue level includes regeneration at the cellular level, which occurs either by hyperplasia, i.e. multiplication of cells and an increase in their number, or an increase in the volume of cells, which is called hypertrophy.

Alternating frames of a healing wound in an experimental rat.

During regeneration at the cellular level, cells divide by mitosis.

Hypertrophy of cells is carried out due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of intracellular organelles.

Photographs are shown under a microscope.

The teacher explains to the students the issues related to regeneration at the cellular level.

In all organs and tissues, cells, their intracellular structures, and the formation of new ones are constantly wearing out, which characterizes physiological regeneration.

Some tissues, for example, the epidermis of the skin, the epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts, hematopoietic tissue, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue are restored exclusively by cellular regeneration.

The enumeration of tissues is accompanied by pictures of them under a microscope.

Liver parenchyma, smooth muscles, connective tissue regenerate both cellular and intracellular pathways.

Regeneration of brain and myocardial tissues is carried out only at the expense of intracellular organisms.

The enumeration of tissues is accompanied by pictures of them under a microscope.

Regeneration that occurs after damage to organs and tissues is called reparative.

An example of such regeneration is the healing of a surgical wound.

A tender scar forms at the site of the wound.

With extensive infected wounds, there is purulent inflammation.

The wound defect is filled with vascular-rich granulation tissue, which then turns into mature connective tissue, and the wound heals by secondary tension.

With small surface defects, scratches, the tissue identical to the lost one is restored during regeneration.

Such regeneration is called restitution

Connective tissue scar.

Such regeneration is called substitution.

Replacement of dead tissues with connective tissue is called their organization.

In acute disorders of coronary blood flow in the heart, when angiography reveals a narrowing of the vessel lumen, and a focus of necrosis develops in the myocardium, necrotic areas of the heart muscle are replaced by connective tissue.

The preserved cardiomyocytes undergo regenerative hypertrophy.

Whitish scars remain on the site of the former myocardial infarction.

Of particular importance is the organization of vascular thrombi, because unorganized deep vein thrombi of the lower leg or pelvis can be a source of thromboembolism.

With chronic inflammation and recurrence of damage, cell differentiation may be disrupted and atypical tissue structures may form.

Severe arthritis of the joints of the hand is shown.

In this case, the impaired function is not compensated.

This reaction is called dysregeneration.

So, for example, with cirrhosis of the liver, it decreases in size.

When cut, the surface of the liver is emphasized lobular, due to the formation of false lobes.

Microscopic examination shows that the latter are formed by groups of liver cells surrounded by fields of connective tissue.

Regenerative hypertrophy develops in the preserved liver cells.

Pathological regeneration in fibrosing alveolitis is accompanied by an overgrowth of connective tissue in the interalviolar septa, the formation of pseudogelastic structures and at the same time the violation of the respiratory function of the lungs increases.

The information is accompanied by tissue surveys under a microscope.

The formation of inflammatory polyps in the stomach is associated with pathological regeneration.

Dysregeneration also underlies metaplasia, a process characterized by the transition of one type of tissue to another related one.

So with chronic bronchitis, instead of a ciliated epithelium, a multi-layered, flat one appears in the bronchi.

One of the forms of the compensatory-adaptive process in physiological conditions and in conditions of pathology is an increase in the volume of the organ with an increase in the functional load on it.

Two hearts are shown, normal and greatly enlarged.

This process is called compensatory hypertrophy.

In pathology, it develops with many heart defects.

With narrowing of the aortic mouth, it is difficult for blood to pass through the aortic valve, so the blood pressure in the lumen of the left ventricle of the heart increases.

The functional load on the heart muscle increases, the ventricular myocardium increases in volume.

A doctor examines tissue samples under a microscope.

Myocardial hypertrophy is based on cardiomyacyte hypertrophy.

The hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes itself occurs as a result of hyperplasia and hypertrophy of intracellular structures, mitochondria, myofibrines, endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles.

Hypertrophy of the preserved organ when the paired one is removed is called vicar.

Experimenters operate on a frog.

When one kidney is removed, as shown in the experiment with a frog, hypertrophy of the remaining kidney develops, which compensates for the function of the removed one.

An example of neuroendocrine hypertrophy is endometrial hypertrophy in ovarian dysfunction.

Compensatory-adaptive processes include some forms of atrophy, i.e. a decrease in the volume of an organ or tissue with a decrease in their functions.

Example.

Among them is atrophy from pressure.

Thus, in violation of the outflow of urine from the renal pelvis, hydronephrosis develops.

A sample of kidneys with this diagnosis.

In case of violation of the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles of the brain, the cerebrospinal fluid presses on the brain substance and it atrophies.

Hydrocephalus develops.

Examination of a patient with such a diagnosis.

General atrophy of organs and tissues is called exhaustion.

The combination of exhaustion with dystrophic changes in internal organs and osteoporosis speak of cachexia.

Compensatory and adaptive processes occur cyclically.

Examination of the patient.

There is a phase of formation that develops immediately after the strengthening of the functional load on the organ.

A relatively stable compensation phase and a decompensation phase.

The doctor marks on the patient's body a change in the volume of the heart as a result of compensation for hypertension.

The hypertrophied myocardium compensates for the increased functional load on the heart, by its work pushing blood through narrowed small arteries and arterioles of the large circulatory circle and maintaining high pressure in it.

In the decompensation phase, dystrophic changes develop in the hypertrophied organ, which is accompanied by a violation of its functions.

Venous stagnation develops in the small and large circulatory circles, which is accompanied by swelling of subcutaneous fat.

Compensatory and adaptive processes are formed on the basis of physiological reactions of the body.

Displaying on the silhouette of a person the organs involved in these processes.

Hormones produced by these organs, such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands and sex glands, regulate cell reproduction and growth.

These are long-distance regulators carried by blood.

The scheme of operation of short-distance regulators.

A council of doctors examines X-rays of patients.

Drugs that actively affect the regeneration of the body.

Regulation of compensatory and adaptive processes makes it possible to successfully fight diseases and their consequences, but also to prepare the body for the effects of extreme factors.

Training of an athlete against the background of hypertrophied organs.