Sequential pumping oil through pipelines (1966)

A drawing showing the location of the pipeline in the ground.

Map of the USSR with the designation of pipelines.

Oil rigs.

Oil refinery.

Cartoon explaining the method of sequential oil pumping.

The employee monitors the pumping mode along the entire flow path.

The flow should always move at a speed that reduces the mixing process.

The total number of mixtures obtained from sequential pumping depends on the number of cycles.

A cartoon showing the dependence of the size of the mixtures on the volume of each cycle.

The injection of a new oil product into the pipeline begins when there is enough of it at the head station for the intended batch.

Containers should be prepared at the terminal station to receive these oil products and mixtures.

A level gauge on a tank for storing petroleum products.

The tank filling level is checked.

Sampling of petroleum products at the head station when a new petroleum product is included in the flow.

Every 2-3 minutes from the beginning to the end of the passage of the mixture, the slightest fluctuations in density are detected.

According to the data obtained, tables are compiled for transmission to the final station, where the mixture will be separated from pure petroleum products.

The mixture is on the way for several days and the dispatching service never lets it out of sight.

The dispatcher determines the presence of the mixture.

Dispatchers' negotiations.

A cartoon explaining the occurrence of gravity sections.

At such a site, the amount of the mixture increases.

To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to create a liquid backup, cover the valve behind the gravity section.

Cartoon explaining the operation of the valve on the gravity section.

The crawler reports the indicators on the site to the dispatcher.

Log of the transmission of information on the site by dispatchers.

Sequential pumping is carried out non-stop in strict compliance with the technological regime.

The occurrence of an emergency situation.

A cartoon explaining the problems that arise when pumps are stopped in different sections of the pipeline, when pumping various petroleum products.

At the end of the emergency, the crawlers receive instructions from dispatchers to open the valves.

Then pumping stations resume pumping.

During the movement of the mixture, neighboring stations establish a direct connection between themselves, which allows them to constantly regulate the operation of pumping units.

Petroleum products and the mixture enter the tanks of the terminal station through the main control point, located 10-15km towards the flow.

The dispatcher notifies the controller about the time of arrival of the mixture in advance.

Controllers use tables compiled at the head station when pumping petroleum products.

Sampling of petroleum products.

They begin to take samples 2 hours before the approach of the mixture.

First, they are taken after 5 minutes, then after 3 minutes, and after detecting the first change in density in the flow, every 2 minutes.

According to the density of samples in the table, the degree of concentration at which the mixture must be separated from pure petroleum products is found.

View of the tank farm of the terminal station.

A cartoon explaining the options for taking the mixture.

Installations for automated reception of petroleum products and mixtures.

A cartoon explaining the composition of such an installation and the principles of operation.

Long before the mixture approaches, the operator receives data from the head station on the concentration of petroleum products and mixtures that will need to be cut off.

According to these data, the installation of automated reception of petroleum products and mixtures is configured, registering the slightest changes in density in the flow.

The curve on the printout shows the change in the concentration of the mixture of accepted petroleum products.

The operator opens the valve leading to the tank for the mixture.

As soon as the mixture has gone into the tank, the operator turns off the tank where the gasoline was taken.

Unlike the installation of automated reception of petroleum products and mixtures, the electronic ultrasonic installation provides full automation of the reception of the mixture.

A cartoon explaining the design features of the ultrasonic installation and its operation.

Three hours before the mixture approaches the remote control point, the operator turns on the equipment.

A cartoon explaining the operation of an electronic ultrasound system.

There is a straight line on the diagram tape, which means that the mixture is not coming yet.

Signal about the approach of the mixture to the remote control point.

Continuation of the cartoon explaining the operation of the electronic ultrasound system.

The diagram tape shows the change in the density index.

After the mixture passes the remote control point, the operator sets the potentiometer to receive.

When the mixture approaches the local control point, the station is ready for its automatic reception.

At a certain concentration of petroleum products, the machine is triggered and the mixture is sent to the container assigned to it.

Automatic opening of valves against the background of tanks.

For automatic control of pumping, the difference in the dielectric properties of petroleum products is used.

A cartoon explaining the operation of the installation for such control.

A mixture accumulates at the final station, which must be used.

An employee takes samples to establish the quality of a particular product.

The laboratory will find out the quality of gasoline, diesel fuel.

Knowing the quality reserves, the laboratory technicians determine exactly which oil product and how much can be added to the mixture so as not to violate its standard.

the light mixture is distributed to gasoline tanks, the heavy mixture is distributed to diesel fuel tanks.

You can drastically reduce the amount of the mixture by using ball elastic separators.

Samples of separators.

These are thick-walled rubber balls.

Liquid is pumped into the inner cavity of the balls.

Loading the separator into the pipeline system.

A cartoon explaining the functions of separators during the transportation of various petroleum products.

The movement of the balls is controlled by linear signaling devices.

A cartoon explaining the organization of such control.

Alternating frames with views of the terminal station, tanks and fuel loading into the aircraft, etc.